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Linux

Linux is an open-source operating system known for its security, stability, and flexibility. It is used on computers, servers, and even mobile devices. Unlike Windows or macOS, Linux is free and comes in different versions called distributions, like Ubuntu and Fedora. It is popular among developers and businesses because it is customizable and reliable. Many websites, apps, and cloud services run on Linux due to its strong performance.

Task 1 Introduction

Linus Torvalds developed Linux, a Unix-like, free, open-source, and kernel-based operating system.
Mainly it is designed for systems, servers, embedded devices, mobile devices, and mainframes and use in world's stock markets, powers smart TVs and in-flight entertainment systems, and runs most of the top 500 supercomputers in the world.
Linux provides the core technologies that power the cloud revolution and the tools to build the latest generations of container-based microservices applications, software-based storage technologies, and big data solutions. Secure and give high performance on low hardware.

Major features of Linux –
Linux is open-source operating system and also provide lots of free applications. Linux provides a command-line interface (CLI) for easy access and powerful scripting. Linux is a modular operating system that is designed to easily replace or remove components. Most secure operating system, and give high performance on less hardware. It does not support auto-execution of file and have SELinux security feature.

Differences between Linux & Windows

Linux	Windows
It is a free and open-source OS.	You can use license for full features use.
Provide high security by using firewall, SELinux features and not supported auto-execution of files.	Only provide discretionary access control (DAC) means user and group-based control on objects. Less secure as compare to Linux.
Linux use a monolithic kernel	Windows use micro kernel
Linux use file systems like – XFS, EXT family (ext,ext2,ext3,ext4), GFS	Windows file systems are – NTFS, ReFS, ExFAT
Use by professionals	Use by home-users, professionals

Kernel and Shell

Kernel
A kernel is the core part of an operating system. It acts as a bridge between system software and the hardware of a computer.
The kernel manages system resources, such as the CPU, memory, and devices, ensuring everything works together smoothly and efficiently.
The kernel is so named because—like a seed inside a hard shell—it exists within the OS and controls all the major functions of the hardware, whether it’s a phone, laptop, server, or any other kind of computer.

Kernel Tasks –

1.   Memory management: Keep track of how much memory is used to store what, and where
2.   Process management: Determine which processes can use the central processing unit (CPU), when, and for how long
3.   Device drivers: Act as mediator/interpreter between the hardware and processes
4.   System calls and security: Receive requests for service from the processes
The kernel, if implemented properly, is invisible to the user, working in its own little world known as kernel space, where it allocates memory and keeps track of where everything is stored.

Shell

The shell is an interpreter program which provides an interface between the user and the kernel and executes programs called commands.
A Linux user work on shell prompt which initiate in terminal program. A shell prompt may be with root user [ root@craw-pc ~ ]# or may be with regular user [ student@craw-pc ~ ]$
RHEL use bash as a default shell but you can change it accordingly using chsh command.

Answer The Questions

Question 1.

Which term describes the interpreter that executes commands that are typed as strings?

Question 2.

Which term describes the part of the command line that adjusts the behaviour of a command?

Question 3.

Which term describes the part of the command line that specifies the target that the command should operate on?

Question 4.

What is the command to check the current Linux kernel version?

Question 5.

What steps would you take to recover a corrupted filesystem in Linux?

Question 6.

What methods would you use to monitor disk space usage on a Linux server?

Question 7.

What methods would you use to diagnose a system with high memory usage?

Question 8.

A Linux user get a file result.ps in Linux machine. He want to open that file but he cat’t access file contents in proper formats which command you will suggest him to open this file in GNOME shell.

Question 9.

You hired a Linux Admin and that having issues regarding to syntax of command also you want to suggest about the command options which Linux command you will prefer for him.

Question 10.

Which directory contains persistent, system-specific configuration data?

Question 11.

Which directory contains system files to access hardware?

Question 12.

Which directory contains installed software programs and libraries?

Question 13.

Which command is used to return to the current user's home directory, assuming that the current working directory is /tmp and their home directory is /home/user?

Question 14.

Which pattern matches only file names with at least three characters?

Question 15.

Which output redirection operator displays output to a terminal and discards all error messages?

Question 16.

Which output redirection operator sends output to both the screen and a file at the same time?

Question 17.

You are working with a file using vim editor in Linux. You need to copy a block from the above paragraph and paste it in below portion of file which will be the correct mode in vim editor?

Question 18.

Which item represents the program that provides the user's command-line prompt?

Question 19.

Which item or file represents the location of the user's personal files?

Question 20.

Which item or file represents the location of the local user account information?

Question 21.

Which state represents a process that is stopped or suspended?.

Question 22.

Which process does a parent use to duplicate its address space, and creates a child process?

Linux

Task 1 Introduction

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